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Overview The Random Access procedure can be initiated in different situations depending on whether the network already knows the UE and whether dedicated resources can be assigned. Random Access Channel, or RACH, is used whenever the UE needs to establish or recover uplink synchronization with the network. In 5G, Random
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Introduction After the UE completes system information acquisition, the next step is to determine whether the detected cell is suitable for camping. This process is called cell selection. During cell selection, the UE checks the available LTE cells and evaluates whether a cell satisfies the required coverage, quality, and access
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Introduction When PDCCH utilization becomes high, the first question should not immediately be: Which PDCCH optimization feature should I enable? A better starting point is to understand what the PDCCH resources are actually being used for. PDCCH is involved in different procedures such as SIB1 transmission, Other System Information, Random
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During SgNB Addition, there are three important timers that can directly affect the SgNB Addition Success Rate. The figure below shows where each timer starts and stops within the call flow. SgNB Addition Call Flow and Related Timers After the B1 Measurement Report is received, the MeNB starts the SgNB
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* My 5G RAN Performance & Optimization course is now officially published on Udemy! After a long journey of recording, reviewing, restructuring, and creating the material, I’m very happy to finally share it. * The course includes 35+ hours divided into 333 lectures of training covering both 5G SA and NSA,
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Introduction SRS-based beamforming is one of the most important topics to understand after learning the basics of 5G beamforming, SSB, CSI-RS, and codebook-based operation. In practical terms, this topic explains how the gNB can use uplink SRS sounding to estimate the downlink propagation channel and then generate
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In this Session 4 of the 4G End-to-End Signaling Course, we break down LTE RRC states, RRC Idle vs RRC Connected, LTE to 5G state transitions, and the role of ECM and EMM states in the EPC/core network. You will learn how the UE is viewed from
* My 5G RAN Performance & Optimization course is now officially published on Udemy! After a long journey of recording, reviewing, restructuring, and creating the material, I’m very happy to finally share it. * The course includes 35+ hours divided into 333 lectures of training covering both 5G SA and NSA,
Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block, or SSB, is one of the first NR signals a UE must detect before it can access a 5G cell. It is the entry point for synchronization, cell identification, essential broadcast information, and beam-based initial access. If the UE cannot find and decode SSB
Introduction 5G Massive MIMO is one of the most important topics to understand before going deeper into NR beamforming, beam management, CSI-RS, SRS, layers, ports, and MU-MIMO. This article explains why Massive MIMO is different from traditional MIMO, how the antenna structure changes, where the main gains come
Introduction This article will cover the following topics: * NR Slot Format – Introduction * 4G Vs 5G TDD Subframe/Slot format: * NR Slot Format Types Deep dive: Fixed, Semi-Static & Dynamic TDD * Cross Link Interference definition and relation with NR Slot Allocation * 4G/NR coexistence * NR Slot Format Planning and design
Welcome back to the 4G End-to-End Signaling Free Course – Session 3. In this session, we build the foundation for understanding LTE signaling by explaining the 4G LTE architecture, the role of each major EPC node, and how different network elements communicate with each other. You will learn the
Introduction Downlink beam management is one of the most important parts of 5G Massive MIMO. It is the process used by the network to identify, refine, and maintain the best beam direction for each UE, starting from initial access and continuing during connected mode. Unlike 4G, where beamforming was mainly
In this Full VoLTE E2E Training Course, you will learn how VoLTE works end to end across UE, RAN, EPC, and IMS. This training covers VoLTE overview, traffic model, speech codecs, IMS architecture, VoLTE bearers and protocols, 4G attach flow, IMS registration, SIP signaling, SDP, RTP/RTCP, MO and MT
Welcome to Session 2 of the 4G End-to-End Course. In this video, we break down the LTE Random Access Procedure (RACH) step by step and explain how the UE moves from downlink synchronization to uplink synchronization before starting the connection setup process. This session covers the complete RACH
Introduction In the first Massive MIMO article, we focused on the antenna foundation: passive vs active antenna, antenna structure, antenna elements, and the basic MIMO concepts behind beamforming. First Article: 5G Massive MIMO Fundamentals: Passive vs Active Antenna, MIMO Gains, and Antenna Specifications and Structure This second part moves one
Introduction * HARQ is one of the most important reliability mechanisms in the 5G MAC layer. It directly affects retransmission speed, uplink control overhead, latency, and overall scheduling efficiency. * In simple words, HARQ gives 5G a fast retransmission loop. It helps recover transmission errors much faster than higher-layer recovery, which
Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block, or SSB, is one of the first NR signals a UE must detect before it can access a 5G cell. It is the entry point for synchronization, cell identification, essential broadcast information, and beam-based initial access. If the UE cannot find and decode SSB
Introduction 5G Massive MIMO is one of the most important topics to understand before going deeper into NR beamforming, beam management, CSI-RS, SRS, layers, ports, and MU-MIMO. This article explains why Massive MIMO is different from traditional MIMO, how the antenna structure changes, where the main gains come
Hi All, Session 1 of the 4G E2E Signaling Course is now available on YouTube. In this session, we build the essential LTE foundation concepts needed before going into detailed end-to-end signaling procedures such as attach, bearer setup, handover, and service request. This video explains how the UE
Introduction PDCP is one of the most important layers in the 5G user-plane stack. It sits above RLC/MAC and directly impacts security, header size, packet ordering, and end-to-end latency. In this article, the focus is PDCP deep dive: the PDCP header, PDCP functions, key timers (especially
In this Tableau advanced mapping tutorial, you’ll learn how to work with spatial data in Tableau step by step. This session covers the meaning of spatial files, geometry fields, and how to import mapping data such as GeoJSON and shapefiles into Tableau for advanced map analysis. You’ll also
Introduction * The Radio Link Control (RLC) layer sits between PDCP and MAC in the user-plane stack. * Its job depends on the configured mode: it can add headers, segment/reassemble data, and (in AM) retransmit to recover losses. Content This article will cover: 1. High-level concept 2. Main function(