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Introduction * HARQ is one of the most important reliability mechanisms in the 5G MAC layer. It directly affects retransmission speed, uplink control overhead, latency, and overall scheduling efficiency. * In simple words, HARQ gives 5G a fast retransmission loop. It helps recover transmission errors much faster than higher-layer recovery, which is
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Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block, or SSB, is one of the first NR signals a UE must detect before it can access a 5G cell. It is the entry point for synchronization, cell identification, essential broadcast information, and beam-based initial access. If the UE cannot find and decode SSB correctly,
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Introduction 5G Massive MIMO is one of the most important topics to understand before going deeper into NR beamforming, beam management, CSI-RS, SRS, layers, ports, and MU-MIMO. This article explains why Massive MIMO is different from traditional MIMO, how the antenna structure changes, where the main gains come from, and
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Hi All, Session 1 of the 4G E2E Signaling Course is now available on YouTube. In this session, we build the essential LTE foundation concepts needed before going into detailed end-to-end signaling procedures such as attach, bearer setup, handover, and service request. This video explains how the UE in LTE/
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Introduction PDCP is one of the most important layers in the 5G user-plane stack. It sits above RLC/MAC and directly impacts security, header size, packet ordering, and end-to-end latency. In this article, the focus is PDCP deep dive: the PDCP header, PDCP functions, key timers (especially discardTimer and t-Reordering)
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In this Tableau advanced mapping tutorial, you’ll learn how to work with spatial data in Tableau step by step. This session covers the meaning of spatial files, geometry fields, and how to import mapping data such as GeoJSON and shapefiles into Tableau for advanced map analysis. You’ll also
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Introduction * The Radio Link Control (RLC) layer sits between PDCP and MAC in the user-plane stack. * Its job depends on the configured mode: it can add headers, segment/reassemble data, and (in AM) retransmit to recover losses. What you will learn (Scope) This article will cover: * Where RLC fits in
Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block, or SSB, is one of the first NR signals a UE must detect before it can access a 5G cell. It is the entry point for synchronization, cell identification, essential broadcast information, and beam-based initial access. If the UE cannot find and decode SSB correctly,
Introduction This article will cover the following topics: * NR Slot Format – Introduction * 4G Vs 5G TDD Subframe/Slot format: * NR Slot Format Types Deep dive: Fixed, Semi-Static & Dynamic TDD * Cross Link Interference definition and relation with NR Slot Allocation * 4G/NR coexistence * NR Slot Format Planning and design impact
Sharing Session 5 of my Tableau Training 2026 Free Training in YouTube. In Session 5, you’ll learn everything you need to know about Maps in Tableau (Basics + Intermediate). We’ll go step-by-step to build clean, professional Tableau maps—from fixing common latitude/longitude issues to creating filled maps, point
Sharing Session 4 of my Tableau Training 2026 playlist 🎥 In this session, we focus on Tableau Dashboards — how to build a clean dashboard, make it interactive, and improve the layout. ✅ In this video you will learn: * Dashboard workspace basics * Tiled vs Floating (when to use each) * Add filters, actions, and
Introduction In 5G New Radio (NR), Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) plays a critical role in evaluating network performance, coverage, and user experience. Unlike 4G LTE, where SINR was mainly derived from reference signals, 5G introduces multiple SINR types, each designed for a specific purpose. This article provides a simple and structured
5G Inter-Cell Handover Overview: In this video, we dive deep into 5G NR mobility, specifically focusing on inter-cell handover using Event A3 and Event A5. Learn how the UE performs cell-level measurement reporting using SSB beam parameters like: * 📊 ABS Threshold SSB Blocks * 📈 Number of SSB Blocks to Average * 🔁 RSRP Threshold
📶 5G Beam Switch - Intra-cell Mobility Explained | CSI-RSRP & SSB-RI in Massive MIMO In this video, we dive deep into the concept of Intra-cell Beam Switching in 5G Massive MIMO networks. Learn how User Equipment (UE) seamlessly switches between beams within the same cell using CSI Reference Signal Resource Indicators
Introduction * Both the Base Station and UE must be capable of changing beams as the radio conditions change as a function of time. * There are two types of beam mobility have two categories: 1- Intra-cell mobility: * Intra-cell mobility occurs when the serving beam of a UE is changed within the
🎯 Session 3, we`ll cover all you need to know about working with all different tables in tableau, table text, highlighted table and heatmap tables and more. 🔗 📥 Download the dataset/materials used in this training https://www.mohamedeladawi.com/tableau-free-training-materials/ 📁 Tableau Installation links: https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/products/public/
🎯 Session 2, we`ll go a bit deeper through exploring topics like Area charts, histogram, CDF Creation and using analytics pane for average and constant line creation and more. 🔗 📥 Download the dataset/materials used in this training https://www.mohamedeladawi.com/tableau-free-training-materials/ 📁 Tableau Installation links: https://www.tableau.com/en-gb/
📊 Free Tableau Training for Beginners to Experts | Step-by-Step Tableau Tutorial (Session 1) Ready to master Tableau from scratch? This FREE full Tableau training series is designed to take you from a complete beginner to a confident data analyst — all in one place, and at your own pace. 💡 🎯 Session 1 is
Introduction In 4G FDD, the uplink HARQ feedback timing was fixed. In 5G, this changes because of TDD operation and low-latency requirements. 5G introduces two methods for uplink HARQ feedback: * Flexible timing * Multiplexing timing This allows the network to optimize feedback delay depending on system configuration and UE capability. Flexible