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In this Session 4 of the 4G End-to-End Signaling Course, we break down LTE RRC states, RRC Idle vs RRC Connected, LTE to 5G state transitions, and the role of ECM and EMM states in the EPC/core network. You will learn how the UE is viewed from both the
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Welcome back to the 4G End-to-End Signaling Free Course – Session 3. In this session, we build the foundation for understanding LTE signaling by explaining the 4G LTE architecture, the role of each major EPC node, and how different network elements communicate with each other. You will learn the function of
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Introduction Downlink beam management is one of the most important parts of 5G Massive MIMO. It is the process used by the network to identify, refine, and maintain the best beam direction for each UE, starting from initial access and continuing during connected mode. Unlike 4G, where beamforming was mainly
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In this Full VoLTE E2E Training Course, you will learn how VoLTE works end to end across UE, RAN, EPC, and IMS. This training covers VoLTE overview, traffic model, speech codecs, IMS architecture, VoLTE bearers and protocols, 4G attach flow, IMS registration, SIP signaling, SDP, RTP/RTCP, MO and MT
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Welcome to Session 2 of the 4G End-to-End Course. In this video, we break down the LTE Random Access Procedure (RACH) step by step and explain how the UE moves from downlink synchronization to uplink synchronization before starting the connection setup process. This session covers the complete RACH overall overview,
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Introduction In the first Massive MIMO article, we focused on the antenna foundation: passive vs active antenna, antenna structure, antenna elements, and the basic MIMO concepts behind beamforming. First Article: 5G Massive MIMO Fundamentals: Passive vs Active Antenna, MIMO Gains, and Antenna Specifications and Structure This second part moves one
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Introduction * HARQ is one of the most important reliability mechanisms in the 5G MAC layer. It directly affects retransmission speed, uplink control overhead, latency, and overall scheduling efficiency. * In simple words, HARQ gives 5G a fast retransmission loop. It helps recover transmission errors much faster than higher-layer recovery, which is
Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block, or SSB, is one of the first NR signals a UE must detect before it can access a 5G cell. It is the entry point for synchronization, cell identification, essential broadcast information, and beam-based initial access. If the UE cannot find and decode SSB correctly,
Introduction 5G Massive MIMO is one of the most important topics to understand before going deeper into NR beamforming, beam management, CSI-RS, SRS, layers, ports, and MU-MIMO. This article explains why Massive MIMO is different from traditional MIMO, how the antenna structure changes, where the main gains come from, and
Introduction This article will cover the following topics: * NR Slot Format – Introduction * 4G Vs 5G TDD Subframe/Slot format: * NR Slot Format Types Deep dive: Fixed, Semi-Static & Dynamic TDD * Cross Link Interference definition and relation with NR Slot Allocation * 4G/NR coexistence * NR Slot Format Planning and design impact
Introduction This Article is a deep dive into 5G Voice EPS Fallback, covering "Everything You Need to Know." The following topics are explored in this article: 1. 5G Voice Services: Comprehensive exploration of all available voice solutions for all 5G architectures. 2. Voice Over New Radio: In-depth explanation
Introduction The Synchronization Signal Block, or SSB, is one of the first NR signals a UE must detect before it can access a 5G cell. It is the entry point for synchronization, cell identification, essential broadcast information, and beam-based initial access. If the UE cannot find and decode SSB correctly,
Introduction 5G Massive MIMO is one of the most important topics to understand before going deeper into NR beamforming, beam management, CSI-RS, SRS, layers, ports, and MU-MIMO. This article explains why Massive MIMO is different from traditional MIMO, how the antenna structure changes, where the main gains come from, and
Hi All, Session 1 of the 4G E2E Signaling Course is now available on YouTube. In this session, we build the essential LTE foundation concepts needed before going into detailed end-to-end signaling procedures such as attach, bearer setup, handover, and service request. This video explains how the UE in LTE/
Introduction PDCP is one of the most important layers in the 5G user-plane stack. It sits above RLC/MAC and directly impacts security, header size, packet ordering, and end-to-end latency. In this article, the focus is PDCP deep dive: the PDCP header, PDCP functions, key timers (especially discardTimer and t-Reordering)
In this Tableau advanced mapping tutorial, you’ll learn how to work with spatial data in Tableau step by step. This session covers the meaning of spatial files, geometry fields, and how to import mapping data such as GeoJSON and shapefiles into Tableau for advanced map analysis. You’ll also
Introduction * The Radio Link Control (RLC) layer sits between PDCP and MAC in the user-plane stack. * Its job depends on the configured mode: it can add headers, segment/reassemble data, and (in AM) retransmit to recover losses. Content This article will cover: 1. High-level concept 2. Main function(s) 3.
Sharing Session 5 of my Tableau Training 2026 Free Training in YouTube. In Session 5, you’ll learn everything you need to know about Maps in Tableau (Basics + Intermediate). We’ll go step-by-step to build clean, professional Tableau maps—from fixing common latitude/longitude issues to creating filled maps, point
Sharing Session 4 of my Tableau Training 2026 playlist 🎥 In this session, we focus on Tableau Dashboards — how to build a clean dashboard, make it interactive, and improve the layout. ✅ In this video you will learn: * Dashboard workspace basics * Tiled vs Floating (when to use each) * Add filters, actions, and
Introduction In 5G New Radio (NR), Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) plays a critical role in evaluating network performance, coverage, and user experience. Unlike 4G LTE, where SINR was mainly derived from reference signals, 5G introduces multiple SINR types, each designed for a specific purpose. This article provides a simple and structured
5G Inter-Cell Handover Overview: In this video, we dive deep into 5G NR mobility, specifically focusing on inter-cell handover using Event A3 and Event A5. Learn how the UE performs cell-level measurement reporting using SSB beam parameters like: * 📊 ABS Threshold SSB Blocks * 📈 Number of SSB Blocks to Average * 🔁 RSRP Threshold
📶 5G Beam Switch - Intra-cell Mobility Explained | CSI-RSRP & SSB-RI in Massive MIMO In this video, we dive deep into the concept of Intra-cell Beam Switching in 5G Massive MIMO networks. Learn how User Equipment (UE) seamlessly switches between beams within the same cell using CSI Reference Signal Resource Indicators